Generative Science

Putting the Fire in the Equations; Generating multilevel dynamical processes in Physics and Psychology

Physics Articles / Talks / Bibliography   |   Psychology Articles / Talks / Bibliography  |  Search
 

... found1.1
    e.g. Heisenberg (following Kant) declares that `things in themselves', while presumably existing, will be forever beyond the range of human knowledge. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... kind1.2
        e.g. from Schrödinger [1958] to Capra [1975], Toben [1975] and Zukav[1980]. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Hooker1.3
Hooker [1973], p. 204. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... told1.4
    e.g. Bohr and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. They want to see quantum mechanics as ``a rational generalisation of the classical mode of description'' necessitated by the existence of the quantum of action (see Petersen [1968]). 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... thought''1.5
Petersen [1968], p. 128. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...é2.1
see e.g. Harré [1970a] and Harré & Madden [1975]. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... sense2.2
    Unfortunately Popper [1959] confuses these two `objective' and `subjective' senses of propensities. His work needs other clarifications and corrections too: see for example Gibbins [1987], pp. 79 - 82. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... power2.3
Swedenborg [1763], §218. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... one.'2.4
Davidson [1963], p. 694. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Quine2.5
Quine [1960], p. 223. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... non-existence'2.6
Armstrong [1969], p. 24. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... paper2.7
Armstrong [1978], pp. 417 - 418. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... decompositions2.8
  A three-fold subdivision of quarks has in fact been proposed: see e.g. Phillips [1979]. In Phillips [1980] he presents `empirical' evidence (of a kind) for his proposals.   More conventionally, the `superstring' theories propose that quarks, etc., are really modes of excitation of `strings'   (see Davies & Brown (eds.) [1988]). The problem still remains, of course, concerning what strings are made of. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... however,3.1
Locke [1706], Book II, Ch. 23, §23 - 27. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... subtilis3.2
ibid, §23. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... minds.3.3
ibid, §26. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... being.'3.4
Leibniz, Monadology, ¶11. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... rest'3.5
Aristotle, Physics II.I 192b13-14. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... argue3.6
  following a remark of Mayberry (private communication). 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... experiments4.1
Einstein et al. [1935] 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... geodesic.'4.2
Stapp [1977], p. 316. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... it4.3
Feynman [1985], p. 37 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Bohm4.4
Bohm [1980], pp. 86 - 110. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Graham4.5
Their papers are reprinted in DeWitt and Graham (eds.) [1973]. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... it4.6
  Tipler [1986] denies that it is necessary for the whole universe to be replicated for every splitting. Replications, he claims, are to be regarded as a local phenomenon. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... deterministically'4.7
Maxwell [1988], p. 13. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... top.4.8
ibid, p. 14. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... photons.4.9
ibid, p. 15. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... process4.10
  Baumann [1975] points to the crystalisation of a liquid as a state reduction process that occurs without measurements. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... potential'4.11
as discussed by Shimony [1986], pp. 201 - 202. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... course5.1
  For a survey of modern non-Humean approaches, see for example Madden [1973]. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... falsehood'6.1
    Charles Renouvier, quoted in Jammer [1966], p. 167 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... writes6.2
Aristotle, Physics, Bk. III, ch. 7, 207b11-14 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Volder6.3
Leibniz, Letter X, p. 879 in Leibniz [1956]. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... it6.4
Whitehead [1929], Pt.II, ch. II, §I, ¶2. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... there''6.5
Aristotle, Physics, IV, 4, 211a3-5. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... `non-being'.7.1
Aristotle, De Gen. et. Corr., 317b15-18. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... remarks7.2
Leclerc [1972], p. 316, note 2. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Locke7.3
Locke [1706], Bk. II, ch. XXI 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... doorway?''8.1
Quine [1961], p. 4. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Kant8.2
Kant [1747], §9, 10. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Leclerc8.3
Leclerc [1972], pp. 319 ff 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... community''8.4
Whitehead [1929], IV, 1, IV, ¶5. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... be!''8.5
Grünbaum [1973], p. 324. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Broad8.6
Broad [1923] pp. 70 - 79. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... form.8.7
Harris [1965], p. 76. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... before8.8
The sense of before here is of course not according to any observer's metric time, but according to the `global process time' which counts all actual events. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... being.'9.1
Leibniz, [1714] ¶11. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... things'9.2
Kant ([1747] §. 7. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... remarks9.3
Johnson, [1924], III, p. 127 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... do9.4
  Leibniz, for example, argues from everlasting substances to immortality 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... had9.5
Though whether neutrons are single continuants or aggregates is strictly an empirical result from the physics of elementary particles. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... determined.''9.6
Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1029a20. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... qualities9.7
      By using the term `quality', Locke is following the corpuscular philosophy of his day. His `qualities' are not static properties, but are in fact a certain kind of power. As he says (Bk. 2, ch. 7, §8), `the power to produce any idea in our mind, I call the quality of the subject wherein the power is'. There is a residual tension in Locke's definition, however, because, as we saw in section 2.6 (sub-section 4), Locke saw powers as essentially relational, but qualities as non-relational. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... depend'9.8
Locke [1706] Bk. 3, ch. 3, §15. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... description9.9
Locke [1706] Bk. 3, ch. 6, §8. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Locke9.10
Locke [1706] Bk. 3, ch. 6, §30 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... it10.1
W. Heisenberg, `Planck's discovery and the philosophical problems of atomic physics', pp. 3 - 20 in Heisenberg [1961]. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... subject10.2
  Heisenberg, for example, brings into his thought on quantum physics the Kantian phenomena/noumena distinction, as well as some of Bohr's ideas on `complementarity' in experimental arrangements. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... promise10.3
Herbert [1985], p. 195. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... notes10.4
Heisenberg [1958], p. 156. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... states'10.5
Müller [1974], p. 84. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... particles10.6
as Margenau (see earlier) appears to suggest. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... called10.7
  see Petersen [1968] for an exposition of Bohr's views. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... changing'10.8
Rae [1986], p. 108, quoting Prigogine [1980], p. 199. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... direction'10.9
ibid, p. 117. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... processes10.10
Prigogine [1980], p. 180 - 181. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... puts10.11
Redhead [1987], p. 77. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... electrodynamics!11.1
Feynman [1985], pp. 127 - 128. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... theories11.2
  for some discussions of string theories, see e.g. Davies and Brown (eds.) [1988]. In these theories, there is a small but non-zero limit to the range of virtual processes. Thus, in the language of electrodynamics, renormalisation is still required, but not infinite renormalisation. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... observation'12.1
Heisenberg [1958], p. 54. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... bound-state12.2
Cluster energies can be near to negative bound state energies, because there must still be somewhere in the universe those particles with that energy which was released when the bound state was formed. Hence the total energy of the bound-state + free particles must be positive, and there must be a small (though perhaps vanishingly small) probability of the bound state decaying again. This means that bound states and compound systems are merely the special case of resonating systems, the parts of which have since become widely separated. Compound systems are therefore not an absolutely separate category, and can only be identified under various approximations. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... apart.''12.3
Einstein, private communication to D. Bohm. See Jammer [1974], p. 186. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... consciousness'12.4
Stapp [1985], p. 42. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... Wigner12.5
Wigner [1962], p. 295. 
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Prof Ian Thompson
2003-02-25

    

Author: I.J. Thompson (except as stated)

Email: IJT@generativescience.org